The box battery disposition of the main armament in a battleship was commonly used in ships built in the latter half of the nineteenth century; it was an interim disposition between full length broadside guns and turret-mounted artillery.
From the first time that artillery was carried aboard warships, in the early Tudor period, until the middle of the nineteenth century, warships had carried their cannon in long rows along their sides. Bigger ships had carried more and bigger cannon, culminating in wooden line-of-battle ships carrying some 140 muzzle-loading smoothbore cannon, 70 on each side.
With the advent of steam power, and of iron armour, and of vastly larger guns, first-line battleships built from 1860 onwards tended to carry fewer but heavier guns on their broadsides. The first broadside ironclad to be commissioned into the Royal Navy was HMS Warrior, who carried only a relatively small number of guns as compared to the wooden ships who preceded her, but who could have destroyed any or all of them in combat. Warrior as completed carried twenty guns on each side. As artillery manufacturers produced heavier and yet heavier guns, warships, who are limited as to the weight they can carry, were able to carry fewer and fewer of them. The ultimate designs of broadside ironclads allowed for ten or twelve heavy guns only to be carried.
A ship at sea moves in response to the waves it encounters, and the ends move more than the centre. It followed that if a warship were to mount only a small number of guns, it would make sense to mount them centrally, where the movement of the ship was minimal. Having mounted the artillery in this central position, it also made sense to concentrate the armour of the ship around the guns, along with the engines and the command centre. It was felt unnecessary to armour the ends of the ship, or the superstructure, or the funnels. A central battery, surrounded by thick armour, became known as a box battery.,